更新：2014年06月17日點擊：14068
; 特(te)斯拉宣稱分享專(zhuan)利(li)技術(shu)，要(yao)推動(dong)電動(dong)車行業發展，一石激起千層(ceng)浪，那(nei)特(te)斯拉究竟(jing)有哪些核心專(zhuan)利(li)？
據統計，2008-2013年期間Tesla所申(shen)請的核心知識產權大都與(yu)電池安全(quan)控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統相(xiang)關，包括電池冷卻(que)系(xi)(xi)統，安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)統，電荷(he)平衡(heng)系(xi)(xi)統等。截止(zhi)到2013年3月(yue)底Tesla所申(shen)請的此類(lei)專利(li)數量達142項，另有(you)258項專利(li)正在審核過程(cheng)之中。
除(chu)了電(dian)池管理系統以外，Tesla在電(dian)機和(he)電(dian)控(kong)方面還有一些獨創性的技(ji)術。
Tesla汽車所用(yong)電(dian)動機為自主研發的(de)(de)三(san)相感(gan)應電(dian)機，擁有最(zui)優化的(de)(de)纏繞線性，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)最(zui)大限度(du)的(de)(de)減少阻力(li)以及(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)損耗。電(dian)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)使用(yong)效(xiao)率低，降低了高容量(liang)電(dian) 池組所帶來的(de)(de)的(de)(de)動力(li)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優勢，需要強大的(de)(de)動力(li)系(xi)統配備智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)管理軟件將各個電(dian)池單體(ti)的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)數字化并將電(dian)池組電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)轉(zhuan)換為汽車動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)利用(yong)效(xiao) 率。
變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)箱為(wei)單極變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)系(xi)統(tong)，能(neng)夠將交流(liu)(liu)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)扭(niu)矩與(yu)車(che)(che)速(su)(su)(su)進(jin)行最優(you)化的(de)(de)(de)匹配，相(xiang)比傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)油變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)箱具有(you)更好的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)特性。另外Tesla汽(qi)車(che)(che)上安裝(zhuang)了較(jiao)為(wei)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)、硬(ying)件系(xi)統(tong)，包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)(bian)頻器、數(shu)字信(xin)號處理系(xi) 統(tong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)，用來控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)扭(niu)矩以(yi)(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量傳輸過(guo)程(cheng)，是整個(ge)(ge)汽(qi)車(che)(che)機體的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)。通過(guo)一個(ge)(ge)高性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)字信(xin)號處理器可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)將汽(qi)車(che)(che)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)、剎車(che)(che)、 加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)、減速(su)(su)(su)等(deng)要(yao)求轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)數(shu)字信(xin)號，從而控(kong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)(bian)頻器將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換以(yi)(yi)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)三相(xiang)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力，同(tong)樣通過(guo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)(bian)頻器可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi) 將再(zai)生制動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)(yi)完(wan)成充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)。
一、特斯拉(la)的解決方案：小電池(chi)+BMS
Tesla 的(de)電池(chi)(chi)采(cai)用的(de)是松(song)下的(de)三元(yuan)材料（鎳鈷鋁酸鋰），用的(de)是比較成熟的(de)18650型號（松(song)下這種電池(chi)(chi)普遍(bian)用于(yu)筆記本之中(zhong)）。
與現在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)主流(liu)趨勢不(bu)(bu)同，Tesla是唯一(yi)一(yi)家直接采用(yong)18650型鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)公司，其他的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車都用(yong)的(de)是大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。只不(bu)(bu)過Tesla需要7000多節(jie)18650型鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。普通家用(yong)筆記本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦只要7~8節(jie)。
Tesla采用(yong)小電池的(de)理由在于：
工(gong)藝成熟。過(guo)去15年多的(de)時間里消(xiao)費類(lei)產品所積累的(de)先進(jin)技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)夠應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)車載電(dian)池領域，消(xiao)費類(lei)產品可(ke)在推動需求、降低成本的(de)同時提(ti)高能(neng)源密度(du)。而(er)目前許(xu)多 剛(gang)剛(gang)開發出來的(de)大容量方型(xing)電(dian)池，僅僅屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)實(shi)驗型(xing)產品，并未有過(guo)量產經驗，并不(bu)能(neng)達到(dao)成熟階(jie)段。松下是全球電(dian)池技(ji)術(shu)和規模最大的(de)企(qi)業之(zhi)一，產品缺陷(xian)最少(shao)，由 于(yu)(yu)規模較大，也便(bian)于(yu)(yu)從中挑選出一致性好的(de)電(dian)池。
性價(jia)(jia)比高。Model S 85kWh車型(xing)電(dian)池(chi)動力(li)系(xi)統總成本3萬美元左右，單(dan)位儲(chu)能(neng)成本400美元/kWh左右，是(shi)其他電(dian)動汽車儲(chu)能(neng)成本的一半(ban)左右。18650電(dian)池(chi)的生(sheng)產商(shang)眾多， 使得下游企業(ye)對上游廠商(shang)有(you)較強的議價(jia)(jia)能(neng)力(li)，電(dian)池(chi)的成本可以得到(dao)控制。而隨著電(dian)子消費類用(yong)品的普及，18650價(jia)(jia)格也(ye)會繼續下滑，特斯拉亦可從側面受益。
安全性能(neng)(neng)可(ke)控(kong)。每個電(dian)池單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)的尺寸小，可(ke)每個單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)的能(neng)(neng)量可(ke)控(kong)制在較小的范圍，與(yu)使(shi)用大尺寸電(dian)池單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)時(shi)相(xiang)比，即使(shi)電(dian)池組的某(mou)個單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)發(fa)生故(gu)(gu)障，也能(neng)(neng)降低故(gu)(gu)障帶來的影響。
但是將眾多（7000多個(ge)）的(de)小電(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)組成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)組，將會大幅(fu)增(zeng)加電(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)之間的(de)不一致(zhi)性，導(dao)致(zhi)單體(ti)溫度、電(dian)荷(he)、電(dian)壓出現不平(ping)衡(heng)現象，引起個(ge)別電(dian)池(chi)過充、過放并產生靜電(dian)反(fan)應，從而降低電(dian)池(chi)組壽命(ming)以及安全(quan)性。
二(er)、核心(xin)技術：電池管理(li)系統
這就是Tesla的核心技(ji)術—電池管理系統。
; Elon musk本(ben)身是學(xue)物理出身，又在(zai)硅谷招聘了上百名工程(cheng)師(shi)，這(zhe)是它技(ji)術領先(xian)的根本(ben)原因。
; Tesla建立電池檢測實驗(yan)室(shi)、數據(ju)信息中心對(dui)18650對(dui)其溫度進行智能監(jian)控。
2.1電池檢(jian)測(ce)實驗室：源頭(tou)增加(jia)鋰電池單體(ti)一致(zhi)性(xing)
因標(biao)準18650電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan) 體(ti)(ti)(ti)容量較(jiao)小(xiao)（約(yue)10.4wh），Tesla Model S 85kWh版電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車就(jiu)需要(yao)8000多顆電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。如此(ci)眾(zhong)多的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)所組成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組，會大幅增加單(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)之間(jian)的(de)不一致(zhi)性，容易導致(zhi)個別單(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)過充(chong)、過放(fang)并(bing)產生(sheng)靜 電(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應從(cong)而降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組壽命并(bing)產生(sheng)安全隱患，從(cong)而對單(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)一致(zhi)性檢測提出(chu)極高的(de)要(yao)求。
Tesla擁有一個(ge)(ge)獨立的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)監測(ce)實(shi)驗室(shi)并(bing)依據鋰 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單體化學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、形(xing)狀系(xi)數建立了一個(ge)(ge)完備的(de)數據信息中心(xin)(xin)，通過這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)實(shi)驗室(shi)以及數據中心(xin)(xin)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)供應商Sanyo所提(ti)供的(de)18650電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行嚴(yan)格的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試 以及一致性(xing)篩選，主要關注指(zhi)標包(bao)括(kuo)：單體容量大小，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)持(chi)(chi)久性(xing)、功率輸(shu)出大小、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上(shang)下(xia)限等。其中一致性(xing)、安全性(xing)較好的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，從而在根 本(ben)上(shang)保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組功率傳導的(de)穩定性(xing)以及持(chi)(chi)久性(xing)。
2.2電荷平衡系統：有(you)效排除(chu)18650故障單體(ti)
每個(ge)(ge)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)單體都有一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)壓上限(xian)和(he)下限(xian)，電(dian)池(chi)在此范圍內可正(zheng)常工作，但(dan)一旦單體電(dian)壓接(jie)近這一限(xian)值其(qi)化(hua)學性能將發生突變，必(bi)須立即(ji)停止放電(dian)或(huo)充(chong)電(dian)，否(fou)則電(dian)池(chi)將會(hui)受到不可逆的損壞(huai)，將會(hui)大(da)幅增加(jia)電(dian)池(chi)的自放電(dian)率、產生靜電(dian)反應進而引起爆炸。
眾(zhong)多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)所組成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組大大增(zeng)加了單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)不一致(zhi)(zhi)性，導致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)安全(quan)范圍各(ge)不相同(tong)，安全(quan)性大幅降(jiang)低。為此(ci)Tesla自主研發單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)平(ping)衡(heng)系統，可有(you)(you)效排除(chu)故障單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)，保證(zheng)整車(che)安全(quan)性能(neng)。Tesla電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組尾(wei)部安裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)印刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板， 內置(zhi)眾(zhong)多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開關，每(mei)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開關一端(duan)連接某(mou)個18650電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)，另(ling)一端(duan)連接一個中型(xing)的(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)（單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)監(jian)控(kong)器(qi)）。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中某(mou)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)因過充、過放、溫度 過高導致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)與(yu)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不同(tong)時，集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)就會(hui)將(jiang)(jiang)能(neng)量(liang)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)進行(xing)相互轉移，防止其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過安全(quan)范圍而產生(sheng)(sheng)異變(bian)(bian)。而當該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)真的(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)異變(bian)(bian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)集(ji)(ji)成器(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)控(kong) 制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板上(shang)相對應(ying)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開關彈(dan)開，從而將(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)隔離(li)，避(bi)免產生(sheng)(sheng)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應(ying)而引起爆炸。
2.3鋰電池溫度管(guan)理系統：提升整車(che)安全性能
Tesla高達60kWh、85kWh的(de)電(dian)池(chi)組容量(liang)使(shi)其運行過(guo)程中將會釋(shi)放更(geng)多(duo)的(de)熱量(liang)，從而(er)加(jia)大了電(dian)池(chi)組溫度過(guo)高引起(qi)爆炸的(de)概率，這是Tesla電(dian)池(chi)管理系統解決的(de)最為核心的(de)問(wen)題(ti)之一(yi)。
電池組溫度檢測系統—智能溫度監(jian)測
電(dian)動汽(qi)車安全性(xing)能(neng)主要體現在對電(dian)池組(zu)溫度(du)(du)(du)以及電(dian)流的控(kong)制上(shang)，尤(you)其(qi)對于大容量的電(dian)池模組(zu)，當電(dian)池組(zu)過充、過放、碰撞以及運行過程中電(dian)池過度(du)(du)(du)發(fa)熱(re)都會引發(fa)電(dian)池組(zu)溫度(du)(du)(du)過高而引發(fa)爆炸。
Tesla汽(qi)車電池(chi)組(zu)中的(de)每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)電池(chi)單體(ti)都連(lian)接(jie)(jie)著一(yi)個(ge)熱(re)敏電阻(zu)以及一(yi)系列的(de)光(guang)(guang)導(dao)纖維，同時(shi)將熱(re)敏電阻(zu)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)到電池(chi)監控器，將光(guang)(guang)導(dao)纖維連(lian)接(jie)(jie)到光(guang)(guang)敏感應(ying)器。當(dang) 某(mou)個(ge)電池(chi)單體(ti)溫度超過安全標準時(shi)，熱(re)敏電阻(zu)將產生(sheng)一(yi)個(ge)電信號傳達至電池(chi)監控器以便啟動電池(chi)冷凝系統保證電池(chi)安全性能。當(dang)電池(chi)發(fa)生(sheng)熱(re)逃逸等現象時(shi)，將影(ying)響光(guang)(guang) 導(dao)纖維中光(guang)(guang)束的(de)傳輸(shu)，進而(er)刺激光(guang)(guang)敏感應(ying)器發(fa)出相應(ying)信號進行(xing)熱(re)度調節。而(er)當(dang)汽(qi)車發(fa)生(sheng)劇(ju)烈碰(peng)撞(zhuang)時(shi)，電池(chi)組(zu)與電機的(de)能量傳輸(shu)路徑將被立即阻(zu)斷，電池(chi)組(zu)外保護(hu)層(ceng)將 保護(hu)電池(chi)組(zu)免受碰(peng)撞(zhuang)影(ying)響，從而(er)避(bi)免發(fa)生(sheng)劇(ju)烈爆炸。
電池組液(ye)體冷凝系統—實時溫度控制
Tesla自主(zhu)研發(fa)的機體液體冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝系(xi)統(tong)(tong)為(wei)雙模式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，其(qi)中(zhong)第(di)(di)一層(ceng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)回路(lu)(lu)專門(men)為(wei)電池(chi)(chi)組降溫，電池(chi)(chi)回路(lu)(lu)將電池(chi)(chi)組與冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)泵相連接，回路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)充滿了冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)劑(ji)， 且延伸(shen)多個(ge)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)管覆蓋至(zhi)每(mei)個(ge)電池(chi)(chi)單(dan)體。第(di)(di)一層(ceng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)回路(lu)(lu)將控熱系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，通(tong)風(feng)設備(bei)以及(ji)其(qi)他散熱裝置與電池(chi)(chi)組熱量管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)連接起來，從而保證每(mei)個(ge)電池(chi)(chi)單(dan)體溫度低于 其(qi)安全值以下，保證其(qi)散熱性(xing)以及(ji)安全性(xing)能。第(di)(di)二層(ceng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)回路(lu)(lu)包括第(di)(di)二冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)儲液罐并與至(zhi)少一個(ge)轉動部件進(jin)行(xing)熱交換，并立于第(di)(di)一個(ge)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)回路(lu)(lu)，保證電池(chi)(chi)組冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)系(xi)統(tong)(tong) 的獨立性(xing)。
Tesla公司承諾為(wei)Tesla Model S電池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)提供8年或(huo)是10萬(wan)英里的質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證，其(qi)汽車其(qi)他部件提供4年或(huo)是5萬(wan)英里的質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證。最近更(geng)是推(tui)出(chu)一(yi)項免費服務(wu)計(ji)劃，特斯拉(la)將為(wei)因保(bao)養不善而遭到 損(sun)耗的電池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)提供保(bao)修，并將為(wei)客戶免費更(geng)換(huan)相同(tong)質(zhi)量(liang)或(huo)性能更(geng)好的電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，其(qi)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)質(zhi)量(liang)可見一(yi)斑。
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來源： 新(xin)能源觀察
